Biomarker for Bladder Cancer Survival

The results are from the S1314 clinical trial conducted by the SWOG Cancer Research Network, a cancer clinical trials group funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Primary results of the S1314 study were published in the journal Clinical Cancer Research in 2021 and reported an association between a gene-expression biomarker called the COXEN GC score and a tumor’s pathologic response to chemotherapy. The new findings being presented at GU ASCO are results of a prespecified secondary analysis of S1314 data that looked for associations between COXEN score and how long a patient lived after starting treatment (a measure known as overall survival, or OS), and between COXEN score and how long a patient lived without their disease getting worse (known as progression-free survival, or PFS).

The work was led by Thomas W. Flaig, MD, a SWOG investigator at the University of Colorado Cancer Center and vice chancellor for research at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center. “The work on S1314 was a tremendous collaborative effort across many institutions," Flaig said, "and it provides important information on patients being treated with preoperative chemotherapy for bladder cancer.”

The S1314 trial enrolled 237 patients with muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer that had not spread to other parts of the body (had not metastasized), all of whom were slated to have surgery for their cancer 

After they enrolled in the study, patients were assigned at random to receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy – that is, chemotherapy before surgery – on one of two treatment arms. Patients on the first arm were treated with a combination of two drugs – gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC). Those on the second arm were treated with a dose-dense cocktail of four drugs: methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (known as MVAC). All patients had surgery after completing chemotherapy. Doctors examined the tumors removed from patients to determine whether they had shrunk in response to the chemotherapy.

The COXEN score (short for co-expression extrapolation score) is generated by a test that measures the expression, or activity level, of a specific set of genes in a patient’s tumor cells. The COXEN test is tailored to each treatment. Roughly speaking, it attempts to predict how sensitive a tumor is to a specific drug or to a combination of drugs.

The S1314 trial used a separate, treatment-specific COXEN test for each of the two treatment combinations. These two tests were called COXEN GC and COXEN MVAC. Before the trial started, researchers identified a specific cutoff score for each test – scores above that cutoff were considered favorable, scores below it unfavorable.

The trial was designed to determine whether a better COXEN score was associated with a more favorable response to chemotherapy. The goal was to determine whether the COXEN score could serve as a potential biomarker that could then be validated later in a prospective clinical trial. The primary trial results had shown that the COXEN GC score could predict pathologic response to chemotherapy among a pooled analysis of patients from both the GC and MVAC treatment arms.

In the secondary analysis reported at GU ASCO, the researchers found no significant association between the COXEN GC score and OS or PFS in the GC treatment group, nor between the COXEN MVAC score and OS or PFS in the MVAC treatment group. However, when they looked at the COXEN GC score values for both treatment groups combined, they found that the score was a significant predictor of overall survival.

 Flaig emphasized that much more remained to be learned from S1314. “There is very little prospective data in this setting,” he said, “and beyond the COXEN analysis reported here, samples and patient outcomes from S1314 are being used to facilitate the evaluation of several additional biomarkers.”
 

Reference:
Flaig TW et al. "SWOG S1314: A randomized phase II study of co-expression extrapolation (COXEN) with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for localized, muscle-invasive bladder cancer with overall survival follow up." J Clin Oncol 40, 2022 (suppl 6; abstr 536). DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2022.40.6_suppl.536

Study S1314 was sponsored by the NCI, led by SWOG, and conducted by the NIH-funded National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN). The study was funded by the NIH/NCI through grants CA180888, CA180819, CA180820, and CA180821.

In addition to Flaig, the S1314 study team included Catherine M. Tangen, DrPH, of the SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center; Siamak Daneshmand, MD, of the USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ajjai Shivaram Alva, MD, of the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center; M. Scott Lucia, MD, of the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; David McConkey, PhD, of the Johns Hopkins University Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute; Dan Theodorescu, MD, PhD, of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Amir Goldkorn, MD, of the USC Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center; Matthew I. Milowsky, MD, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Rick Bangs, MBA, of the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network; Gary R. MacVicar, MD, of Illinois CancerCare PC; Bruno R. Bastos, MD, of the Cleveland Clinic Florida; Jared Fowles, PhD, of the Huntsman Cancer Institute; Daniel Gustafson, PhD, of the Colorado State University; Melissa Plets, MS, of the SWOG Statistics and Data Management Center; Ian Murchie Thompson, Jr., MD; of the Christus Santa Rosa Medical Center Hospital; and Seth P. Lerner, MD, of the Baylor College of Medicine.